Grammatica de Interlingue
Ti-ci articul parla pri li grammatica de Interlingue, un planlingue creat de Edgar de Wahl e publicat in 1922.
Alfabete e pronunciation
modificarAlfabete
modificarPronunciation
modificarVocales quam in german, italian, hispan etc.
- y quam vocal es pronunciat i;
- y quam consonant = y anglés, hispan;
- c ante e, i, y = ts, in omni altri casus = k;
- g ante e, i, y = j francés, in altri casus quam g german;
- h aspirant quam in anglés, german;
- j quam in francés, o quam in anglés vision;
- q quam in german e anglés;
- s sonori inter vocales (quam in italian inglese), in altri casus dur (quam in Hollandés Sinterklaas);
- ss dur;
- t quam ts ante ia, ie, io, iu, altrimen quam in anglés, francés, german, hispan, o italian;
- v quam in anglés e romanic;
- x = ks;
- z = ds (con s sonori, quam in japanés zabuton) si esse possibil, altrimen dur (ts);
- zz = ts (quam in italian pizza, piazza);
- ch quam in francés, o quam anglés sh, o quam german sch; anc permisset quam anglés ch, hispan ch ma ne recomandat;
- ch = k ante quelcunc consonante (quam in francés chlorophylle);
- eu pronunciat separatmen: e-u.
Nómines
modificarLi nómine porta sempre u necessi li marca del plurale "-s" (pos vocal) o "-es" (pos mult consonant).
Si necessi, li nómine es terminat per "-e" por distinter it del functiones altri, o es terminat per "-o" por marcar li masculin o "-a" por marcar li féminin.
Adjectives
modificarLi adjective es ínvariabil in génere e númere. Mult adjectives fini per -i. To es por fixar li corect pronunciation del ultim consonant, e pro distinction pos tipic finales substantivic e infinitivic: felici, sagi, porosi, organisatori, amari.
Mult adjectives posse facilmen esser substantivat per adjuntion del finales -e, -o, -a: yun, yune, yunes, yunos, yunas.
Por formar un substantive expressent li general idé de un qualitá on adjunte li finale -um: li novum, li bellum.
Quande li adjective es usat sin substantive e on deve pro cert rasones indicar li plurale, on adjunte -s, pos consonantes intercalante li -i- eufonic, u to es possibil sin changear li pronunciation: Vi pomes, prende li maturis.
Comparation
modificarPor li comparative on indica
- li egalitá per tam - quam
- li majoritá per plu - quam
- li minoritá per minu (min) - quam
Por li superlative on indica
- li majoritá per maxim (max)
- li minoritá per minim.
Por li superlative absolut on usa: tre, o li sufix: -issim: tre grand, grandissim.
Por comparar tri o pluri gradus on usa: grand, plu grand, mem plu grand, plu grand ancor, mem plu grand ancor.
In omni comparationes on usa: quam: egalmen quam, altrimen quam.
Pronómines personal
modificarmasc. | fem. | n. | mas. | fem. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | yo | tu | il | ella | it | noi | vu | ili | (illos) | (ellas) |
Object | me | te | le | la | it | nos | vos | les | (los) | (las) |
Remarca: Li pronómines illos e ellas es normalmen ne usat.
Pronómines relativ
modificarLi pronómine general es quel, anc por li acusative.
- Li mann, quel es ci. Li mann, quel yo vide.
Por li persones specialmen on posse usar li interrogativ pronómine qui.
Interrogativ pronómines
modificarLi interrogativ pronómines es qui por persones e quo por coses.
- Qui ha venit?
Por li pronómine qui existe un facultativ acusative quem.
Possessives
modificarPronómines | mi(s) | tui(s) | su(s) | nor(es) | vor(es) | lor(es) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjectives | mi | tu | su | nor | vor | lor |
Pos un plurale li possessives posse prender un -s: mi pom es ci; li mis es ci. Lor libres ha arivat; li lores ha arivat.
Demonstratives
modificar- ti, a quel on adjunte, si necessi, li adverbie ci por li coses proxim o ta por li coses lontan:
- ti mann, ti-ci fémina, ti-ta infant.
- Quande on vole insister sur li qualitá, on usa tal, quel es li correlative de qual.
- qual patre, tal filio.
Numerales
modificar- 0 null, 1 un, 2 du, 3 tri, 4 qua(d)r, 5 quin, 6 six, 7 set, 8 ott, 9 nin, 10 deci, 11 deciun, 12 decidu, etc. 20 duant, 30 triant etc. 100 cent, 500 quincent, 1000 mil, 1.000.000 million.
Ordinales
modificarOn adjunte li sufixe -esim al cardinales:
- duesim, settesim, duantesim
Multiplicatives
modificarOn adjunte -(i)plic al cardinales: tri-plic, mult-i-plic.
Fractiones
modificar1/1 un total; 1/2 un demí; 1/3 un ters; 3/4 tri quart.
Li altri fractiones es expresset per li ordinales: 5/7 quin settesimes.
Collectives
modificarOn adjunte li sufixe -ene: sixene, decene, centene.
Tabelle del correlatives
modificarPor interrogar | Por monstrar | Indeterminat | Negation | Null indication | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantitá | quant | tant | alquant | nequant | quantcunc | totmen |
Tempore | quande | tande | alquande | nequande | quandecunc | sempre |
Loc | u? | ta, ci | alcú | necú | úcunc | partú |
Persones | qui | ti | alqui | nequi | quicunc | omni |
Coses | quo | to | alquo | nequo | quocunc | omno |
Persones e coses | quel | tel | alquel | nequel | quelcunc | chascun |
Qualitá | qual | tal | alqual | nequal | qualcunc | |
Mode | quam | tam | alquam | nequam | quamcunc |
Verb
modificarLi conjugation es regulari. It existe solmen un conjugation con quar formes. Exemplification per li verbe amar:
- ama: null finale, li pur tema
- amar (ama + r)
- amant (ama + nt)
- amat (ama + t)
Remarca: Si li tema fini in -i, on intermette un -e-: fini-e-nt, audi-e-nt, veni-e-nt, mori-e-nt.
- ama coresponde a:
- presentie de indicative activ: yo ama, il ama, vu ama etc.
- presentie de conjunctive activ (in quelc lingues): Il dí que il ama
- imperative: ama!, veni!
- amar es li presente del infinitive activ: amar, venir, presser
- amant es li presente del participie activ: amant, venient, pressent
- amat coresponde a:
- perfecte del participie: amat, venit, Li amat patria.
- preterite de indicative activ: yo amat, tu amat, il amat, noi amat, illi amat su patria etc.
Li céteri témpores e modus es format analyticmen per auxiliares.
Activ:
|
Passiv:
|
Parolformation
modificarNov paroles in Interlingue es format per:
- Adjuntion de desinenties.
- Adjuntion de prefixes.
- Adjuntion de sufixes.
- Composition de du o pluri paroles.
Afixes
modificarafixe | signification | afixat a | ante li afixe | pos li afixe | notas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-abil/-ibil | able | verbal root | posser (to be able) | possibil (possible) | -abil for -ar verbs, -ibil for -er and -ir verbs |
-ada/-ida | -ade | verbal root | promenar (to stroll) | promenada (a walk, a promenade) | -ada for -ar verbs, -ida for -er and -ir verbs |
-ach- | pejorative | verbal root | criticar (criticize) | criticachar (complain, whine) | |
-ar | general verb | noun, adjective | sicc (dry) | siccar (to dry) | General verb final in most cases for all modern verbs |
-ard | pejorative noun suffix | verbal root | furter (steal) | furtard (thief) | |
bel- | kinship by marriage | noun | fratre (brother) | belfratre (brother-in-law) | |
des- | cessation | various | infectar (infect)
avantage (advantage) |
desinfectar (disinfect)
desavantage (disadvantage) |
|
dis- | separation, dispersion | various | membre (member)
semar (sow, seminate) |
dismembrar (dismember)
dissemar (disseminate) |
|
-er- | doer of verb | verbal root | lavar (wash) | lavere / lavera / lavero (washer) | -a or -o to specify female or male gender |
-ette | diminutive | noun | dom (house) | domette (cottage) | |
ex- | ex- | noun | presidente (president) | ex-presidente (ex-president) | |
ho- | this | noun | semane (week) | ho-semane (this week) | |
-illio | caressive | noun | fratre (brother) | fratrillio (bro) | affixed to male nouns |
ín- | in-, un-, etc. | adjective | credibil (believable) | íncredibil (unbelievable) | |
-innia | caressive | noun | matre (mother) | matrinnia (mom/mommy) | affixed to female nouns |
-ion | -ion | perfect theme | crear (create) | creation (creation) | |
-iv | -ive | perfect theme | exploder (explode) | explosiv (explosive) | perfect theme: explod-er → explod → explos |
-ment | -ment | present theme | experir (to experience) | experiment (experiment) | |
mi- | half | noun | fratre (brother) | mifratre (half-brother) | |
mis- | false (mis-) | various | comprender (understand) | miscomprender (misunderstand) | |
non- | non- | noun | fumator (smoker) | nonfumator (non-smoker) | |
-ntie | -nce | present theme | tolerar (tolerate)
experir (to experience) |
tolerantie (tolerance)
experientie (experience) |
-ir verbs add an e: ir → ientie |
-or | -er, -or | perfect theme | distribuer (distribute) | distributor (distributor) | |
-ori | -ory | perfect theme | currer (run) | cursori (cursory) | perfect theme: curr-er → curr → curs |
per- | through, all the way | verb | forar (pierce) | perforar (perforate) | |
pre- | before | various | historie (history) | prehistorie (prehistory) | |
pro- | to the front | verb | ducter (lead) | producter (produce) | |
re- | re- | verb | venir (come) | revenir (return) | |
step- | step- | noun | matre (mother) | stepmatre (stepmother) | |
-ura | -ure | perfect theme | scrir (write) | scritura (scripture) |
Interpunction
modificarLi signes de interpunction in Interlingue es:
- Li punctu (.), quel indica un stoppa passabilmen grand. It es usat por separar complet frases, expressent un pensa terminat.
- Li punctu-comma (;) indica un stoppa min grand. It es usat por separar complet frases con pensas coherent.
- Li comma (,) indica li minim grand stoppa. It es usat por separar li divers partes de un frase composit, o divers frases coherent tam mult, que on ne vole separar les per un punctu o punctu-comma.
- Por indicar li paroles maxim important del frase on posse usar li accentu scrit.
- Yó ea con la (ne tú).
- Yo éa con la (yo ne fa quam li altris, queles né ea con la).
- Yo ea con élla (ne con li áltris). Save vu, de u il veni?